https://liabjournal.com/index.php/liab <p><strong><em>Letters in Animal Biology</em></strong> (<em>LIAB</em>) is an open access, peer-reviewed international journal that publishes the results of original research pertaining to animal biology. <em>LIAB</em> encompasses a broad range of topics on animal production, health, and welfare along with the fundamental aspects of genetics, physiology, nutrition, medicine, microbiology, biotechnology, biochemistry, reproduction, and animal products. Articles published in <em>LIAB</em> cover research topics on all domestic animals, birds, and companion animals; however, the topics on wildlife species, laboratory animals, and other aquatic species will be considered for publication as long as they have direct or indirect implications on animal production, health, or other biological aspects. <em>LIAB</em> publishes high quality research articles, reviews, short communications, and case reports.</p> Dr. Nasir Akbar Mir en-US Letters In Animal Biology 2584-0479 https://liabjournal.com/index.php/liab/article/view/202 <div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Salmonella infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health, leading to foodborne illnesses, economic losses in the livestock industry, and challenges in public health management. Various chemical drugs including antibiotics have been used to control Salmonella infections but overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, necessitating alternative strategies. Probiotics have emerged as the best alternative in controlling Salmonella infections because they promote gut health in both humans and animals. Probiotics are best because they are involved in enhancing modulation of gut microbiota, production of antimicrobial compounds, and immunity stimulant, thereby inhibiting Salmonella colonization and reducing infection severity. Different probiotic strains, especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have shown efficacy in reducing Salmonella shedding and improving gut health in livestock, ultimately lowering zoonotic transmission risks. This review study explores the mechanisms by which probiotics combat Salmonella, and their various effects including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-hypocholesterolemia, and anti-allergic. Understanding the role of probiotics in preventing and managing Salmonella infections can contribute to improving food safety, reducing antibiotic resistance, and enhancing animal and human health.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> Ahsan Fayyaz Jannat Fatima Sara Mahmood Yarfa Khurram Gull Naz Riffat Shamim Aslam Ayesha Sarwar Fatima Sarwar Yusra Israr Ayesha Israr Afaq Ahmad Abdul Rafay Tehreem shehzad Copyright (c) 2025 Ahsan Fayyaz, Jannat Fatima, Sara Mahmood, Yarfa Khurram, Gull Naz , Riffat Shamim Aslam , Ayesha Sarwar , Fatima Sarwar, Yusra Israr, Ayesha Israr, Afaq Ahmad , Abdul Rafay, Tehreem shehzad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-03-18 2025-03-18 06 16 10.62310/liab.v5i2.202 https://liabjournal.com/index.php/liab/article/view/186 <div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Standardizing insemination interval with liquid stored semen is necessary for better application of assisted reproductive biotechnology for genetic improvement in turkey. This experiment was designed to identify appropriate insemination intervals to achieve optimum fertility with tom semen preserved with Tris Egg-yolk Orange (TEYO) extender for 4 and 12 hours at 5 °C. Five healthy indigenous toms and ninety six hens of 38 weeks of age were used for this study. A 4x2 factorial design with two insemination frequencies and four types of semen was employed in a completely Randomized Design. The four varieties of semen used were undiluted, TEYO diluted, 4 hours TEYO chilled, and 12 hours TEYO chilled. The second factor is once or twice weekly insemination frequencies. The results showed that turkey hens inseminated with 12 h TEYO chilled semen had significantly lower fertility rates, hatchability of viable eggs, and egg sets than those inseminated with 4 h TEYO chilled semen, TEYO extended semen, and un-extended sperm. The value for 4 hours of TEYO chilled semen, however, did not differ appreciably from the un-chilled semen value. The results showed that twice per week insemination had significantly higher percentage fertility value compared to once per week insemination for un- chilled and 12 h TEYO chilled semen. The results revealed that once per week insemination had a higher hatchability percentage of fertile eggs for 4 h TEYO chilled semen, TEYO extended semen, and un-extended semen compared to twice per-week insemination. The results revealed that once per week insemination had a higher hatchability percentage of eggs set compared to twice per week insemination for 4 h TEYO chilled tom semen. The results revealed that only in un-extended semen and 4 h TEYO chilled semen dead-in-shells were recorded. It was therefore concluded that twice per week insemination interval indicated better fertility and hatchability results for 12 h TEYO chilled turkey semen, while once per week insemination gave a better fertility and hatchability result for 4 h TEYO chilled turkey semen.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Adedeji Suleimon Balogun Akintunde Akinbola Akinosun Adetoun Janet Ajibade Bisola Barakat Hammed Naimot B Maruf Copyright (c) 2025 Adedeji Suleimon Balogun, Akintunde Akinbola Akinosun, Adetoun Janet Ajibade, Bisola Barakat Hammed, Maruf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-02-22 2025-02-22 01 05 10.62310/liab.v5i2.186