Letters In Animal Biology

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by metal-based nanoparticles in humans and animals

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The growing interest in nanoparticles in modern research is due to their potential uses in different fields of study. Throughout human history, individuals have been exposed to environmental nanosized particles, and over the past century, these exposures have significantly risen. Through injection, ingestion, and inhalation, nanoparticles can change the material's physicochemical characteristics and improve its ability to absorb and interact with biological tissues. Nanoparticles can penetrate the cell membrane and reach up to mitochondria and nucleus, causing gene mutation and inhibiting the mitochondrial process involved in cell metabolism. The toxicity is associated with size, shape, charge, surface area, chemical composition, and other linked factors. The in vivo behavior of these nanoparticles is still a major question that needs to be resolved. The tests are performed against the new nanoparticles during the developmental process to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.

Nanotechnology application in overcoming the reproductive disorders in livestock

Sat, 20 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The profitability as well as productivity of livestock farming operations are significantly impacted by the reproduction rate of farm animals. Applying several techniques, such as dietary, hormonal, and biological methods together with controlling reproductive diseases, is the foundation of optimal reproductive management. These tactics ought to adhere to ethical and practical standards in addition to providing adequate reproductive results. For instance, a number of biological parameters and an animal's physiological state are primarily related to the effectiveness of biological and hormonally based reproductive tactics. Additional aspects, such as digestion and absorption, may also play a role in the effectiveness of nutritional strategies. Concerns about the overuse of antibiotics or the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria further complicate the management of illnesses connected to reproduction.The use of nanotechnology in fields such as cattle farming systems could offer novel and creative ways to address problems with reproductive control. Nanotechnology can give several pharmaceuticals (including hormones and antibiotics), molecules from biology, and nutrients with new physicochemical qualities. These include enhanced bioavailability, increased cellular absorption, regulated sustained release, and decreased toxicity as compared to conventional versions. In this review, it will be demonstrated how nanotechnology has advanced the most popular reproductive management systems while taking into account the ongoing difficulties associated with each strategy.

Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial activity of plant-based antimicrobial peptides against bacteria

Sat, 27 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short, usually positively charged, polypeptides which are widely used to overcome the threat of the antimicrobial resistance. The potential of the AMPs is increasing as a new class of antibiotics. They have a broad range of activity against the gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, and fungi. Different kinds of plant based AMPs like thionins, defensins, cyclotides, knottins, snakins and some others are discussed in this review with their potential as antimicrobials – such as regulating plant growth and development and treating many human diseases with a great efficacy. Use of AMPs in agriculture and disease treatment is gaining interest. This review also focuses on the mechanism of action of the AMPs and their potential applications in agriculture and human health.

Immunomodulation of nanoparticles: Unveiling immunosuppressive and anti- inflammatory properties

Fri, 13 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Interactions between nanoparticles and eukaryotic cells are nearly inevitable once they gain entry into the cell. Such accidental interactions between immune cells and nanoparticles may trigger a destructive chemical response and increase the risk for autoimmune diseases, tumors, and infections. Nanoparticles can also interface with biologic systems and elicit allergic or inflammatory responses, thereby activating the complement system. Nanoparticles have been known to stimulate the immune system either as haptens or adjuvants. The effects have also been known to be immunosuppressive. This review article summarizes some of the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to show how nanoparticles stimulate or suppress the immune system in animals. Further research should, therefore, focus on the impact that the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles have on their performance within the biological system to ensure safe usage of the particles. These qualities may interrupt the experimental process and have a greater influence on the interaction between nanoparticles and immune systems.

Treating anoestrous and delayed pubertal Achai dairy cattle with Ferula jaeschkeana

Wed, 18 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ferula Jaeschkeana is renowned for its application in human reproductive disorders and its estrogenic effects observed in laboratory animals. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive implications of Ferula Jaeschkeana (FJ) on animals exhibiting anestrus and delayed pubertal reproductive disorders. The experiment involved 24 Achai dairy cows divided into four groups based on different doses of Ferula Jaeschkeana i) FJ-0, serving as the control group; ii) FJ-30 receiving 30 g; iii) FJ-50 receiving 50 g; and iv) FJ-70 receiving 70 g of the product. The herb, prepared as a shade-dried powder, was administered orally to the animals as a bolus along with their regular feed. Consequently, 33.34% animals from the delayed pubertal heifer group and 75% from the anestrus multiparous animal group (54.16% of entire treated animals) displayed behavioral estrus manifestations such as restlessness, bellowing, and mounting. Physical changes, including vulvar swelling and mucus discharge, were observed in these animals. Additionally, a small percentage 8.33% of animals in the delayed pubertal heifer group and 58.33% of animals from the anestrus multiparous animal group attained pregnancy, as confirmed on day 90 post-breeding. Furthermore, a significant elevation in serum estradiol levels and a reduction in serum progesterone concentrations were noted in FJ-50 and FJ-70 groups compared to the control (FJ-0) and the FJ-30 group. Thus, it can be concluded from this study that administering 50 grams of Ferula Jaeschkeana herb roots or extract to anestrous and delayed pubertal Achai cows may induce hormonal alterations, promote behavioral estrus, and facilitate conception in this breed of cattle.