Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Latin America: Epidemiology, control strategies, and One Health implications: Avian influenza in Latin America

Ximena  Grijalva-Trejo; Carlos Vasquez

doi:10.62310/liab.v6i1.268

Authors

Ximena Grijalva-Trejo Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Province of Tungurahua, Ecuador https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5198-7610
Carlos Vasquez Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Province of Tungurahua, Ecuador https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8214-3632

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62310/liab.v6i1.268

Keywords:

Animal Diseases, Poultry, One Health, Surveillance, Biosecurity, Vaccination strategies

Abstract

Avian influenza (AI) remains a major and persistent threat to animal and public health due to its high pathogenicity, zoonotic potential, and capacity for transboundary dissemination. The introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into the Americas in 2022 marked a critical shift in the regional epidemiological landscape, with Latin America emerging as one of the most vulnerable region. This review synthesises current knowledge on the aetiology, molecular determinants of pathogenicity, transmission dynamics, and the regional epidemiological situation of avian influenza from 2019 to 2025. Multiple Latin American countries, including Peru, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia, have reported outbreaks in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, alongside sporadic human cases. Key regional drivers include migratory bird flyways, informal live-bird trade, and uneven diagnostic and surveillance capacities, all of which facilitate viral persistence and spread. Management strategies are critically analysed, encompassing epidemiological surveillance, contingency planning and notification to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), farm-level biosecurity, movement restrictions, stamping-out and carcass disposal, vaccination approaches, and training of producers and veterinarians. Experiences from Mexico, Egypt, and China illustrate both the potential and the challenges of vaccination, reinforcing the need for risk-based application, DIVA-compatible diagnostics, and rigorous value-chain surveillance. Despite progress, structural weaknesses in veterinary infrastructure, cross-border coordination, and genomic surveillance persist. Strengthening One Health framework, harmonising regional policies, and sustained investment in laboratory and field capacities are essential to mitigate the continuing threat of HPAI and to safeguard food security, trade, biodiversity, and public health in Latin America.

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