Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by metal-based nanoparticles in humans and animals: Nanoparticle toxicity

Lala Rukh; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ameer Qarib Naqvi; Imtiaz Ahmad; Muhammad Yasir Nawaz; Azhar Shabir; Muhammad Shahzad Shafiq; Faisal Hafeez; Ehsan Elahi; Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan

doi:10.62310/liab.v4i2.143

Authors

Lala Rukh Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Saif Ullah Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9778-3225
Muhammad Ameer Qarib Naqvi University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5168-9051
Imtiaz Ahmad University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8665-0105
Muhammad Yasir Nawaz University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5352-7883
Azhar Shabir University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4690-6022
Muhammad Shahzad Shafiq University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Faisal Hafeez University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ehsan Elahi University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9370-8558
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62310/liab.v4i2.143

Keywords:

Nanoparticles, Mechanism, Toxicity

Abstract

The growing interest in nanoparticles in modern research is due to their potential uses in different fields of study. Throughout human history, individuals have been exposed to environmental nanosized particles, and over the past century, these exposures have significantly risen. Through injection, ingestion, and inhalation, nanoparticles can change the material's physicochemical characteristics and improve its ability to absorb and interact with biological tissues. Nanoparticles can penetrate the cell membrane and reach up to mitochondria and nucleus, causing gene mutation and inhibiting the mitochondrial process involved in cell metabolism. The toxicity is associated with size, shape, charge, surface area, chemical composition, and other linked factors. The in vivo behavior of these nanoparticles is still a major question that needs to be resolved. The tests are performed against the new nanoparticles during the developmental process to eliminate or ameliorate identified toxic characteristics.

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