Immunomodulation of nanoparticles: Unveiling immunosuppressive and anti- inflammatory properties: Nanoparticles and immunomodulation

Tayyaba Asghar; Yasir Nawaz; Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan; Faisal Hafeez; Muhammad Shehroz Zafar; Muhammad Tjammal Rehman; Asif Ali; Dilawar Hussain; Muhammad Ammar Azam; Hasnain Idrees; Muhammad Usama

doi:10.62310/liab.v4i2.150

Authors

Tayyaba Asghar University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Yasir Nawaz University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5352-7883
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8292-5810
Faisal Hafeez University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Shehroz Zafar University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9598-9103
Muhammad Tjammal Rehman University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-5019
Asif Ali University of Layyah, Layyah, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2046-7853
Dilawar Hussain University of Layyah, Layyah, Pakistan
Muhammad Ammar Azam PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Hasnain Idrees University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6254-4534
Muhammad Usama Qaid I azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62310/liab.v4i2.150

Keywords:

Immune response, Immunomodulation, Nanoparticles, Macrophages

Abstract

Interactions between nanoparticles and eukaryotic cells are nearly inevitable once they gain entry into the cell. Such accidental interactions between immune cells and nanoparticles may trigger a destructive chemical response and increase the risk for autoimmune diseases, tumors, and infections. Nanoparticles can also interface with biologic systems and elicit allergic or inflammatory responses, thereby activating the complement system. Nanoparticles have been known to stimulate the immune system either as haptens or adjuvants. The effects have also been known to be immunosuppressive. This review article summarizes some of the in vivo and in vitro studies carried out to show how nanoparticles stimulate or suppress the immune system in animals. Further research should, therefore, focus on the impact that the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles have on their performance within the biological system to ensure safe usage of the particles. These qualities may interrupt the experimental process and have a greater influence on the interaction between nanoparticles and immune systems.

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