Vaccination and non-antibiotic strategies for effective control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella bacteria of medical and veterinary importance

Ahmed Shandookh   Hameed; Jannat  Riaz; Ahmed Raheem  Rayshan; Areej Salih Saihood Al-Kinani; Anwar Saleh Saihood Al-Kinani; Ammar Younas; Rawaa Najim   Alkhamessi; Mustafa Jawad  Kadham; Mirza Muhammad   Haris; Ayesha Bintay  Farooq; Silla Ambrose; Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan

doi:10.62310/liab.v5i1.255

Authors

Ahmed Shandookh Hameed Medical Lab Techniques, Nassiriya Technical Institute Organization, Southern Technical University, Iraq
Jannat Riaz Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ahmed Raheem Rayshan Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Areej Salih Saihood Al-Kinani Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Anwar Saleh Saihood Al-Kinani Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
Ammar Younas School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Rawaa Najim Alkhamessi Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Mustafa Jawad Kadham Forensic Evidence Department, College of Science, Al-Fahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
Mirza Muhammad Haris Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3352-1947
Ayesha Bintay Farooq Department of Physiology, Life sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Silla Ambrose Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8292-5810

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62310/liab.v5i1.255

Keywords:

Salmonella, Vaccination, Probiotics, Bacteriophages, Organic acids, Essential oils

Abstract

With conservatively estimated millions of illnesses and deaths each year, most of which are caused by food contamination, Salmonella is now a threat and economic cost to the world. Traditional control measures become challenging because of the extensive variety of serovars of the Salmonella bacterium, coupled with increased antimicrobial resistance. With special focus on animal reservoir immunization strategies and new antibiotic regimens, the review critically assesses current and potential future control measures against Salmonella infection. Live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and novel DNA/mRNA platforms are some of the vaccines that attenuate pathogen shedding and zoonotic transmission in animals to a considerable degree. Maintaining the integrity of the gut microbiome, or host immune system activation through adjunct mechanisms like probiotics, bacteriophages, organic acids, essential oils, phytobiotics, and immunomodulators, present non-antibiotic options. Successful control of Salmonella requires a combination of strong biosecurity, farm management, and "One Health" strategy together with intersectoral coordination and improved surveillance. To become more acceptable and contribute towards the long-term influence on public health, both legal obstacles and financial barriers will have to be overcome. This article presents these key points concerning the transmission of the infection and pathogenesis of Salmonella. The vaccine and alternative measures utilized for control of the transmission are also highlighted.

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